Income Inequality within the Indian Himalayan Region: An
Analysis across Mountainous and Non-Mountainous Districts
Subhendu Khan and Indrajit Bairagya
Abstract
Mountain environments are characterised by ecological diversity and fragility, making communities highly vulnerable to environmental and socioeconomic shocks. Economic disparities between mountain regions and lowland areas in developing countries persist, as development efforts have focused on lowlands and urban centres while neglecting remote mountainous regions. This neglect has widened regional inequalities and exacerbated structural conflicts from upstream-downstream interdependencies. Using the Gini coefficient as a measure of income inequality, this study examines income disparities across the Himalayan region, distinguishing between mountainous and non-mountainous areas. The analysis draws on regional data to assess variations in income distribution and explore factors contributing to these disparities. The findings reveal that income inequality is more pronounced in mountainous regions than in non-mountainous areas, highlighting economic disadvantages faced by mountain communities. Structural constraints, including geographical remoteness, limited infrastructure, restricted market access, and environmental vulnerabilities, contribute to these disparities, reinforcing poverty and exclusion. The study underscores the need for region-specific policies that address the unique economic challenges of mountainous areas while leveraging local opportunities. Targeted development strategies focusing on sustainable livelihoods, improved infrastructure, and market accessibility can help mitigate income inequality and promote inclusive growth in mountainous regions. Addressing these disparities is crucial for mountain populations’ well-being and for fostering balanced regional development across the Himalayan region.