Municipal Responsibilities for Environmental Protection in India: A Critical Review with Evidence from Karnataka
Dasanuru Kusanna
Abstract
Indian municipalities derive their powers and functions from the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) of 1992, which authorises them to impose and collect taxes for socio-economic development, infrastructure, civic amenities, and essential urban services. One of their key responsibilities is to ensure basic civic amenities, public health, and environmental protection for urban residents. However, municipal solid waste management (SWM) remains a major challenge for Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Despite efforts to manage solid waste and sewage disposal, municipalities often face a lack of public cooperation and encounter institutional hurdles in waste management. As a result, SWM continues to be a complex and pressing issue in urban governance. This article explores the key challenges faced by municipalities in Karnataka concerning SWM and proposes strategies to improve waste management mechanisms. It emphasises the need for municipalities to implement a “polluter pays” principle or introduce a solid waste cess to enhance environmental standards. Such measures would help municipalities effectively fulfil their health, hygiene, and environmental responsibilities, ensuring cleaner and more sustainable urban areas.